Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science
Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal that aims to publish high-quality manuscripts. All accepted articles are published quarterly in open access full text. RBES publishes the results of original scientific studies, reviews, case reports, and short communications, in all fields of biotechnology and environmental science by the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Journal Name: Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science Journal initials: RBES Journal Abbreviation: Res. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci. ISSN: 2980-7743 Publisher: Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Owner: Zeynab Bayat DOI Prefix: 10.22103/RBES Frequency: Quarterly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 7 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 35 days Submissions: 17 Accepted articles: 11 Acceptance rate: 65% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 100%
Unveiling Novel Biomarkers: A Clinical Study of miR-146a and miR-222 in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting 5%-10% of women of reproductive age. It is marked by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovarian morphology, with associated long-term health risks, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and infertility. This study investigates the potential of specific microRNAs, namely miR-146a and miR-222, as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Materials and Methods: A structured, evidence-based approach was undertaken using real-time PCR to analyze the expression levels of miR-146a and miR-222 in Wistar albino rats with DHEA-induced PCOS. Blood samples were collected for RNA extraction and subsequent miRNA expression quantification. The diagnostic potential was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the expression data. Results: Both miR-146a and miR-222 showed upregulation in the PCOS group, compared to controls, though these differences were not statistically significant. ROC analysis indicated that miR-222 had a moderate discriminatory capability, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.70, supporting its potential as a biomarker for PCOS. miR-146a presented an AUC of 0.65, suggesting a less robust but relevant role in differentiating PCOS from control samples. Conclusion: The findings propose that miR-146a and miR-222 may serve as viable biomarkers for PCOS, facilitating the advancement of non-invasive diagnostic methods and targeted therapeutic options. Nevertheless, additional studies with larger sample sizes are essential to substantiate these preliminary findings.
Copyright (c) 2024 Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Therapeutic Potential of ZnO-Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Portulaca oleracea in Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, with conventional therapies often hindered by severe side effects and the emergence of resistance. Nanotechnology presents innovative approaches for targeted cancer treatment, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) gaining attention for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce apoptosis. This review explores the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs utilizing the bioactive plant Portulaca oleracea (purslane), emphasizing its eco-friendly and biocompatible nature. This comprehensive narrative aims to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and mechanisms of action of ZnO-NPs synthesized using P. oleracea, synthesis methodologies, physicochemical properties, anticancer mechanisms, and potential applications across multiple cancer types, including breast, lung, colorectal, prostate, and ovarian cancers. Additionally, the review discusses the challenges associated with biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical applications while highlighting potential pathways for further investigation. ZnO-NPs synthesized using P. oleracea exhibit notable anticancer efficacy due to enhanced ROS generation and targeted apoptosis. Preliminary studies highlight their potential in delivering lower-toxicity alternatives, compared to conventional treatments. Despite promising results, scalability, clinical application, and long-term biocompatibility remain significant challenges. ZnO-NPs synthesized via green methods represent a transformative approach to cancer treatment. However, further research addressing biocompatibility, regulatory hurdles, and large-scale production is essential to advance their clinical application.
Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Van A and Van B Genes in ESKAPE Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated from Hospitalized Patients in Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: The ESKAPE group, comprising Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecium, is known for its role in hospital-acquired infections and its growing resistance to antimicrobial agents. This resistance complicates treatment options, particularly with last-resort antibiotics, such as vancomycin. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant genes (Van A and Van B) in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method from hospitalized patients in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 1000 clinical samples were collected over six months from hospitalized patients in four hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. The samples included blood, urine, wound swabs, and respiratory secretions. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus isolates were identified through standard microbiological tests. Vancomycin susceptibility was assessed using the E-test method. The presence of vancomycin-resistant genes (Van A and Van B) was determined by PCR method. Results: Out of a total of 98 bacterial isolates, 77 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus and 21 as Enterococcus species. Among the Enterococcus isolates, 15 were identified as Enterococcus faecium and 6 as Enterococcus faecalis. Vancomycin resistance genes were detected in 7 isolates in total, with 6 of these isolates harboring the Van A gene and 1 carrying the Van B gene. Conclusion: The study reveals 40% and 1.3% prevalences of vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus isolates, respectively. These findings underscore the critical need for vigilant antibiotic stewardship and the implementation of appropriate treatment strategies to effectively manage infections caused by these resistant pathogens.
Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis, Acute Toxicity, and Antidepressant Efficacy of Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) whole Seeds using Swiss Albino Mice
Introduction: Depression is a condition that often consists of such main symptoms as lack of interest, worry, insomnia problems, appetite loss, low energy levels, and suicidal thoughts. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the qualitative phytochemical analysis, acute toxicity, and antidepressant efficacy of Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) whole seeds on Swiss albino mice using forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests. Materials and Methods: The seeds of Datura Stramonium were harvested, air dried, ground, and extracted using N-hexane. In the anti-depressant investigation, 60 mice (8 weeks old) were used for the two models. Each model contained 30 mice (15 males and 15 females) weighing 25-30 g. The extract and standard drug were administered orally to mice for seven days. Group 1 received Normal saline (2 mg/ml), group 2 received Imipramine (15mg/kg), Groups 3, 4, and 5 received N-hexane Extract Datura stramonium Seed (NEDSS) (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), respectively, for the two models. The period of mobility in the TST and FST was determined 24 hours following the last dose. Results: The antidepressant studies revealed that the NEDSS-treated groups had significant (P<0.01) increases in mobility, compared to the control group. Moreover, Group 5 obtained the best effect (40 mg/kg of NEDSS). Conclusion: An increase in the dose of NEDSS revealed subsequent increases in anti-depression actions. Furthermore, 40 mg/kg of NEDSS proved to be the most potent in the two models of depression. However, further research should be carried out to determine its mechanism of action using laboratory animals.
Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Polyherbal Formulation and Palm Oil on Induced Inflammatory Models in Albino Wistar Rats
Introduction: Palm oil obtained from the mesocarp of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis is locally used to treat inflammations either alone or in combination with herbs. The present study aimed to test the basis of using palm oil (PO) as an anti-inflammatory agent and the synergistic effect of the Aqueous Extract polyherbal Formulation (AEPHF) comprising Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, and Allium sativum. Materials and Methods: A total of 162 adult Wistar rats were used to investigate three anti-inflammatory models for eight weeks. Each model contained 54 rats (27 male and 27 female rats), with an average weight of 119 to 170 g. In the acute and sub-acute anti-inflammatory studies, 0.2 ml of carrageenan solution 1%, egg albumin, and formalin were injected subcutaneously into the paw of the rats respectively. Group 1 distilled H2O (2 ml/kg), Group 2, 10 mg/kg of ibuprofen, Group 3, 50 mg/kg of AEPHF, Group 4, 50 mg/kg of AEPHF + 2ml/kg of PO, Group 5, 50 mg/kg of AEPHF + PO topically, Group 6, 100 mg/kg of AEPHF, Group 7, 100 mg/kg of AEPHF + 2 ml/kg of PO, Group 8, 100 mg/kg of AEPHF + PO topically, Group 9, 2 ml/kg of PO and PO topically. The diameters of the paws were recorded at intervals of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 hours (for acute inflammatory study using egg albumin and carrageenan), as well as at 0, 3, 5, and 7 days (for sub-acute inflammatory study using formalin). Results: The results indicated that the treatment groups had significantly less paw diameter compared to the control group (p<0.01). Group 8, which distilled 100 mg/kg of AEPHF and PO topically, had the best effect compared to other treatment groups. Conclusion: An increase in the dose of AEPHF revealed subsequent increases in anti-inflammatory actions. 100 mg/kg of AEPHF and PO topically proved to be the most potent in the three models of inflammations. However, further research should be carried out to determine the mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory effect of the plant using laboratory animals.
Investigation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nine Medicinal Plants on Standard Bacteria
Introduction: Medicinal plants have important roles in the treatment of infections. This study aimed to investigate the relationship among the amount of phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant properties, as well as the effect of antimicrobial properties of methanolic extracts of nine medicinal plants against standard bacteria. Materials and Methods: Nine plants were collected from Zabol, located in the south-eastern of Iran and identified in the botanical laboratory of the University of Zabol, Iran. The soaking process prepared extracts including Althaea officinalis, Calotropis procera, Eryngium caucasicum, Malva Sylvestris, Nerium oleander, Saponaria officinali, Satureja hortensis, Sinapis alba, and Urtica dioica, and total phenol and flavonoid content were measured by folin-ciocaltio reagent and aluminum chloride by colorimetric methods, antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method, and antibacterial activity of extracts against standard bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus mutans, Hafnia elevi, Enterococcus fecalis) were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the methanol extract of N. oleander with an average of 3.36 mg/g and C. procera with an average of 0.48 mg/g of dry weight have the highest and lowest amounts of phenolic compounds, respectively. C. procera extract (ith an average of 85.54 mg/ml was the most effective and M. sylvestris extract with an average of 21.80 mg/ml had the least role in inhibiting free radicals. The results of the antimicrobial activity of different extracts showed that the largest non-growth zone diameter in bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and H. alevi is related to the extract of N. oleander. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the differences in the number of effective compounds of the studied plants and their antioxidant properties. Also, after carefully examining the effects of these extracts in vitro and in vivo, it is suggested that these extracts be studied as a substitute for chemical drugs to treat infections.
Isolation of Symbiotic bacteria from Sponge Raspaciona aculeata
Introduction: Microbes of sponges have diverse associations, including true symbiosis. Sponges, being evolutionarily ancient sessile filter feeders, host diverse and abundant microbial species that play crucial roles in host metabolism. Although the microbial symbionts of sponges are widely distributed within the organism (up to 40% of their volume), the ecological relationships and interactions between bacteria and their sponge host remain largely unexplored for many species. The present study was one of the first attempts to isolate symbiotic bacteria from the sponge Raspaciona aculeata. Materials and Methods: After isolation on marine agar medium, the isolates were characterized for different colony morphology. The 16S rDNA taxonomic analysis was carried out on bacteria isolates. Results: Following an incubation period of two weeks at 25°C, only 13 bacterial strains were isolated with a very low rate of genetic biodiversity. All strains belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria class (Pseudomonadaceae family), except one (isolate AL-18ra) belonging to the Bacilli class (Bacillaceae family). Conclusion: The obtained results are of great importance for advancing the understanding of symbiosis phenomena within the sponge species Raspaciona aculeata to study its bioapplication potential.
Phytoremediation of Copper Using the Tomato Plant, Lycopersicon esculentum
Introduction: Phytoremediation is a cutting-edge and eco-friendly technique that utilizes plants to eliminate pollutants, including copper, which can pose risks to plants, animals, and humans. In the present study, the hyperaccumulator capabilities of the tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum) in the removal of copper, zinc, iron, and manganese from the soil was explored. Materials and Methods: The tomato plants were cultivated for 60 days in pots containing varying concentrations of copper, ranging from 250 to 1250 ppm. At specific time intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days, plants of each concentration were harvested. Then the soils were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine the levels of copper, zinc, manganese, and iron. Results: The results indicated that zinc removal exhibited a higher rate compared to other metals, with a removal rate of up to 95.79%, while copper removal reached 87.7%. Furthermore, analysis after 60 days of treatment revealed that the aerial parts of the plants accumulated more metals than that of the roots. Additionally, the chlorophyll content in the leaves decreased at both low and high copper concentrations, compared to 500 ppm CuSo4. Conclusion: The tomato plant, L. esculentum indicated promising hyperaccumulator potential in the removal of copper, zinc, iron, and manganese. The current study emphasized the effectiveness of phytoremediation as a sustainable approach to abating copper pollution.
Detecting Natural Wolbachia Infection and Supergroup Identification of Metochus uniguttatus in North India
Introduction: Insects, particularly arthropods, have evolved to tolerate a wide range of endosymbionts. Wolbachia is a widely prevalent bacterial endosymbiont that is gaining popularity in insect research due to its utility in pest and vector management. This study aimed to ascertain the spread of Wolbachia in a randomly sampled set of insects, identify any novel Wolbachia infections, and determine the Wolbachia infection’s supergroup. Materials and Methods: Field capture of insects was carried out manually with netting and gloves, and the insects were immediately stored in absolute ethanol to immobilize them. Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol was the method used to extract the insect DNA. Insect species identification was carried out via the CO1 mitochondrial gene using PCR amplification. PCR was utilized to identify the presence of Wolbachia, and 16S Wspec DNA was amplified to confirm its presence. The Sanger method was used to sequence the amplified CO1 and the positive samples for Wspec. Using NCBI blast, the sequences of the infected insects were compared with the database sequences. The obtained FASTAs were then aligned using Sequencher 5.4.6, and the chromatograms were examined to ensure contig quality and similarity. Results: Among the 21 insects screened, one was found weakly positive (Playpleura octoguttata) and two were strongly positive (Metochus uniguttatus and Velarifictorus micado) with Wolbachia, which represented an infection rate of 14.29%. However, the individual infection rate in this limited sample size fell at the lower end compared to extensive surveys reporting rates between 20% and 76%. This study indicated the dissemination of Wolbachia in randomly screened insects. Moreover, this is one of the first records of Metochus uniguttatus being infected with Wolbachia in North India. Conclusion: This study represents an initial exploration of insects not previously considered hosts of the Wolbachia endosymbiont. The results could be useful for future studies on insect biocontrol and pest management.
Copyright (c) 2023 Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Manganese-Tunable p-type ZnO Nanoscale for Optimized Photocatalytic Degradation of Terasil Blue from Wastewater
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the structural, morphological, elemental, optical properties and photocatalytic activity of the bare zinc oxide (ZnO) and Manganese-doped zinc oxide (Mn- ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using terasil blue (TB) dye as a model substrate. Materials and Methods: The ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO catalysts were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The band energies were measured using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Results: The results obtained from XRD, EDX, SEM, and UV-Vis analyses demonstrated a successful synthesis of bare and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The diffraction patterns for the synthesized ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO photocatalyts were matched with that of the standard hexagonal wurtzite structure of the standard ZnO catalyst. The average particle size for the ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO catalysts were found to be 23.46 nm and 24.38 nm, and band gap energies of 3.28eV and 3.09eV, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of the Mn-doped ZnO photocatalyst was optimized using box behnken design of response surface methodology under visible light irradiation. The operational parameters involved TB initial concentration, catalyst dosage, initial pH, and irradiation time. The optimum photodegradation efficiency of TB dye removal was achieved at 96.75% of 15mg/L of TB concentration, 0.1g/L of Mn-doped ZnO, pH = 10, and 160 minutes of irradiation time. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation of TB over the Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model (k = 0.0254 min-1). Conclusion: Finally, the evaluation of various scavengers confirmed that the photogenerated holes and hydroxyl radicals were the major radicals for the TB photodegradation over the Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticle under visible light irradiation.
Quantification of Phytochemical Constituents, and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants of Polyherbal-Formulated Tea on Antitussive, Expectorant, and Analgesic Activity in Rodent
Introduction: Polyherbal formulations maximize therapeutic effects and reduce toxicity by combining effective herbs in specific ratios. The present study aimed to quantify some phytochemical constituents, and some non-enzymatic antioxidants and to estimate the analgesic, expectorant, and antitussive properties of polyherbal-formulated tea (Curcuma longa, Citrus limon, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, and Moringa oleifera). Materials and Methods: Some phytochemical constituents and some non-enzymatic antioxidants of the polyherbal tea were evaluated using colorimetric methods. The antitussive efficacy was assessed by examining the cough induced by citric acid in 20 healthy guinea pigs and ammonium in 20 mice. The expectorant activity was evaluated using phenol dye secretion in mice. The analgesic properties were analyzed using pain caused by a hot plate and writhing test caused by acetic acid. Four groups were formed by randomly dividing 20 healthy adult experimental animals (mice and guinea pig), with 5 of both sexes’ animals in each group. Group 1 was given distilled water (10 ml/kg), group 2 was given 5 mg/kg of the polyherbal-formulated tea, group 3 was given 10 mg/kg of the polyherbal-formulated tea, and group 4 was given standard drugs depending on the model of animals used. The tea and standard drugs were administered orally. Results: The result showed that the polyherbal-formulated tea contains phenolic compounds (53.57±1.96 mg/g), alkaloids (40.93±5.96 mg/g), flavonoids (99.44±1.96mg/g), Vitamin C (862±18.76mg/g), carotenoid (5200±6.93 mg/g) and Lycopene (19.50±1.35mg/g). The polyherbal-formulated tea decreased the number of cough bouts and raised the percentage of cough suppression caused by citric acid when compared to the control group. Tea decreased the number of cough bouts caused by ammonium in mice compared to the control group and it raised phenol dye secretion in the expectorant experiment. In hot plate-induced pain, tea increased the latency of the pain threshold in mice and reduced the number of writhing the percentage of pain inhibition increased compared to the control group in acetic acid-induced pain. Conclusion: The polyherbal-formulated tea contains phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, Vitamin C, carotenoid, and lycopene and has antitussive, expectorant, and analgesic activity.
Seaweeds as a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds
Seaweeds or marine macroalgae are the oldest members of the plant kingdom, with a history extending back many hundreds of millions of years. Based on photosynthetic pigments, marine macroalgae can be classified into three groups, namely green algae commonly known as Chlorophyta, brown algae or Phaeophyta, and red algae also called Rhodophyta. In response to different kinds of environmental stress, marine algae develop defense strategies resulting in a significant level of structural chemical diversity, from different metabolic pathways. In this review a brief description of the most important seaweed compounds and their bioactivities are presented in this study. Seaweeds contain minerals, amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, lipids, polysaccharides, dietary fibers, vitamins, and various secondary metabolites, such as phenols, alkaloids, terpenes, and pigments. Many of these constituents possess high economic values and can be extracted to obtain antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive products. Therefore, a new trend to isolate and identify bioactive compounds and constituents from marine algae has emerged.
Application of Nanobiosensors in Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria: An Update
Bacterial infections remain a critical public health concern worldwide, necessitating the development of efficient and sensitive diagnostic tools. Nanobiosensors, comprising nanomaterials, offer a novel approach to bacterial pathogen detection. The present review aimed to explore the current research and applications of nanobiosensors for bacterial pathogen detection. Recent discoveries in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of nanobiosensors with remarkable sensitivity and specificity. These nanoscale sensors are designed to detect specific bacterial pathogens through various mechanisms, including aptamers, antibodies, and molecular recognition elements. Furthermore, miniaturization and integration with microfluidic systems have enabled the rapid and point-of-care detection of bacterial infections. Incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and graphene into biosensing platforms has significantly enhanced their performance, leading to ultrasensitive detection of bacterial antigens and nucleic acids. Additionally, using nanobiosensors with advanced analytical techniques, such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric methods, has expanded the possibilities for accurate and real-time monitoring of bacterial pathogens. Nanobiosensors represent a promising frontier in the battle against bacterial infections. Their exceptional sensitivity, rapid response times, and potential for multiplexed detection make them invaluable tools for the early diagnosis and monitoring of bacterial pathogens. Developing cost-effective and portable nanobiosensors for resource-limited settings becomes increasingly possible as nanotechnology advances.
The Power of Nanovaccines in Immunotherapy of Melanoma, Lung, Breast, and Colon Cancers: A Comprehensive Review
Scientists are exploring new approaches to overcome cancer, and nanovaccines have emerged as one of the most promising tools in the fight against cancer. This review aimed to provide a thorough overview of nanovaccines as potential cancer immunotherapy agents by describing their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic implications. The growing incidence of cancer underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies focusing on prevention, early detection, and innovative treatment modalities to control and mitigate the impact of this widespread disease effectively. It is important to note that nanovaccines are a cutting-edge platform with a wide range of applications in immunotherapy for colon, breast, lung, melanoma, and ovarian cancers. Nanoscale formulations of tumor-specific antigens and adjuvants can initiate an efficient and targeted immune response. Research on nanovaccines involving melanoma has shown that they can trigger potent anti-tumor immune responses, which permit prolonged survival and tumor regression. Furthermore, nanovaccines have been effective in treating breast cancer since they can modulate the tumor microenvironment and stimulate the presence of cytotoxic T cells within the tumor. The nanovaccines strategy has enhanced the immune system’s recognition of tumor antigens, resulting in tumor cell destruction and effective immune recognition. There have also been studies that have utilized nanovaccines to modify the immune response of tumor cells to immune checkpoint inhibitors, thereby improving the synergistic outcomes of colon cancer treatment. Besides improving the immune response to malignancies, nanovaccines represent a transformative approach to cancer immunotherapy. The presence of compelling results across various cancer types suggests that nanovaccines are a powerful tool in cancer treatment despite further research required to optimize their design and validate their clinical applicability.
Biodegradation of Bifenthrin Using the Bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri (MTCC2300)
Introduction: Pyrethroid pesticides are applied in agricultural fields to protect crops from pests and their residues, which can adversely affect soil and water quality, causing damage to non-target organisms. This research aimed to explore the potential role of the bacterial strain, Pseudomonas stutzeri in breaking down the pesticide, Bifenthrin. Materials and Methods: The study focused on evaluating the efficiency of the bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri (MTCC2300) in degrading the pyrethroid, Bifenthrin. Various concentrations of Bifenthrin (2500, 5000, 7500, and 10000 ppm) were subjected to treatment with the bacterial strain in minimal broth for 16 days. Results: When the efficiency of Pseudomonas stutzeri on the degradation of 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10000 ppm of Bifenthrin was tested for a period of 16 days, a decrease in pH, and an increase in CO2, NH3, and biomass were observed. The pH was reduced to 7.6 while CO2 increased to 4 mg/ml, NH3 up to 0.8mM, and Biomass up to 0.6 g dry wt./ml. In a two-way ANOVA, Bifenthrin concentration resulted in a statistically significant variation in parameters like, pH, CO2, and NH3 of the culture medium. Conclusion: Pseudomonas stutzeri could tolerate Bifenthrin concentrations up to 10000 ppm, and it can be employed in Bioremediation programs for cleaning pyrethroid pesticide-polluted sites.
The Impact of the Rice Milling Industry on Agricultural Practices and Human Health in Karnataka, India
Introduction: The current study was conducted to assess the impact of pollutants derived from the rice mill environment on agricultural practices and human health conditions in Hassan District, Karnataka State, India. The aim of the study was to expplore the impact of the rice milling industry on the ecological status of the area. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was adapted to examine the status of the rice mill environment from January to June 2023. Five rice mills were randomly chosen, and the data was collected from 85 different family members residing at varying distances from these mills (0, 1, and 10 kilometers). Results: Results indicated that more than 50% of the surveyed family members acknowledged the impact of pollutants from nearby rice mills on their environment, agriculture, and health. However, the impact on health and agricultural practices was insignificant, as indicated by scores ranging from 8 to 15 out of 30. When evaluating the environmental impact on a 60-point scale, it was evident that the contamination level exceeded 30 due to rice mill activities, signifying a substantial effect on the surrounding area. Within a 5-kilometer radius of the rice mills, the contamination adversely affected over 50% of the area, primarily stemming from rice mill activities. The contamination levels dropped to less than 20 at a distance of 10 kilometers from the mill location, indicating a reduction in impact with increased distance. Conclusion: The overall analytical results and survey in the study suggest that rice mills should be located at a minimum distance of 0.5 kilometers from human settlements to mitigate contamination effectively. Encouraging environmentally friendly practices and adhering to principles, such as eco-efficiency and zero waste, are essential steps towards sustainable and pollution-free rice milling operations.
Analysis of Coping Strategies Adopted by Smallscale Farmers due to Climate Change Hazardsin Baringo County, Kenya
Introduction: Climate change has adverse effects on food production, leading to detrimental consequences for food security, particularly in regions characterized as Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs). The focus of this study was to find out strategies used by small-scale farmers to cope with climate change hazard in Lembus-Perkerra Ward, Baringo County, ASAL region vulnerable to climatic hazards hence a suitable site for the study. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 2and 13, many researchers have been conducted on climate change but little has been documented in the study area on climate change coping strategies against its effects. Therefore, the objective of present study was to identify coping strategies that have been adapted by farmers within the study area and assess the farmers perception in regards to climate change. Materials and Methods: A descriptive research design was adopted for this study, where 191 questionnaires were administered to household heads, and a Focus Group Discussion with key informants (2 agriculture officers) and five lead farmers from farmer groups were conducted to establish sufficient strategies corresponding to climate change situations. Results: The findings showed strong positive influence at 5% levels of significance, between the selected variables (Age β1.34 P=0.003, Education level β=2.11 P=0.01, Access to climate info β =0.48 P=0.031,Access to extension services β=1.71 P=0.19 and Membership to farmer group β=1.02 P=0.008 shows positive significance to farmers’ perception of climate change situations n. The gender of the household head and household size were insignificant in relation to farmers perception. Conclusion: The results of this study hold considerable importance for both the Baringo County government and the Kenyan government with provide valuable insights for designing effective measures to address the challenges posed by climate change and for crafting policies that can protect local communities from its impacts.
The Consequences and Challenges Associated with Amphibian Toxicology Regarding Pesticides
Amphibian populations worldwide are experiencing a decline due to a combination of abiotic and biotic factors. Climate change, habitat loss, pollution, and disease outbreaks all contribute to this decline. Many amphibian species are listed as vulnerable or near extinct (43% of the species described nowadays) on the IUCN Red List. Anthropogenic contaminants, particularly pesticides, can be incredibly harmful to these populations. Pesticides can come from different sources, in particular from agriculture. Contamination of animals can occur through ingestion of contaminated feed, air, drift, secondary poisoning, spillage into local water bodies, contaminated plants and sediments, or groundwater contamination. Higher concentrations of pesticides in the environment can have acute toxic effects with high mortality rates, or long-term exposure can lead to reproductive abnormalities, infertility, and malformations. Several papers have implicated pesticides in the amphibian population decline. The primary objective of the research was to establish a link between the use of pesticides and the decline of amphibian populations, focusing on documented cases in the wild where these chemicals have been identified as the primary cause of mortality among these species and assessing their broader ecological impacts. Additionally, the study aimed to highlight the main challenges encountered in conducting ecotoxicological research on amphibians and to explore potential avenues for future research and mitigation efforts.
Recent advances in the Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy–induced Cardiotoxicity
The current study aimed to overview recent advances in preventing and treating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Chemotherapy is widely used in cancer treatment, however, it can have adverse effects on the heart, leading to the development of risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Anthracycline compounds are the most commonly used chemotherapy agents and are associated with an increased risk of developing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). The precise mechanisms underlying AIC remain a subject of debate, but evidence suggests that the primary causes are the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress. Several risk factors have been linked to the development of AIC, including cumulative dose, pre-existing cardiac disease, age, gender, and cardiac risk factors. Genetic susceptibility may also play a role as a potential risk factor for AIC. In order to protect cardiac function, various strategies have been explored, such as developing less-toxic derivatives of anthracyclines, determining safer cumulative anthracycline doses, and identifying new cardioprotective agents. Prophylactic treatment with cardioprotective agents is the best approach for high-risk patients. This article reviewed the present strategies for protecting cancer patients from AIC based on effective cardioprotective drugs along with the balance between their benefits and potential adverse effects.
Biosurfactant-producing Microorganisms: Potential for Bioremediation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
The contamination of soil and water by heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds poses a significant threat to the environment. Traditional physicochemical methods for remediation are often expensive and environmentally unfriendly, while bioremediation offers a more eco-compatible and economically feasible alternative. Bioremediation utilizes microorganisms, plants, or microbial/plant enzymes to detoxify contaminants in various environments. Biosurfactants, amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms, play a crucial role in enhancing bioremediation effectiveness. They increase substrate surface area, create microenvironments, and promote emulsification, thereby facilitating the removal of pollutants. This article provided a comprehensive overview of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms and their potential in the bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The types and classifications of biosurfactants as well as the factors influencing their production were discussed. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, were identified as biosurfactant producers. This study outlined the production process and highlighted the importance of optimizing growth conditions for high-quality biosurfactant production. The applications of biosurfactants in remediation were explored by emphasizing their ability to enhance biodegradation, remove heavy metals, and increase hydrocarbon bioavailability. Several studies demonstrating the efficacy of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms in bioremediation were presented. The potential limitations and challenges associated with biosurfactant application in situ were also discussed. In conclusion, the controlled use of biosurfactants could offer promising prospects for the efficient and sustainable cleanup of contaminated sites, contributing to environmental remediation efforts.
Investigation of Salmonellosis during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2023)
With the Coronavirus disease pandemic in 2020-2023, salmonella distribution has gained great concerted attention since COVID-19 treatment and salmonellosis was conditioned by antibiotics.The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and clinical characteristics of Salmonellosis (salmonellosis gastroenteritis infection) in Armenia during the COVID-19 pandemic, between 2020 and 2023, without age restrictions. The genus Salmonella was identified using biochemical tests and serological methods at Laboratories of Armenia. Near 100 stool samples ere cultured on SS agar and selenite aquatic agar. The study identified 57 infected cases with Salmonella species and the majority of infection was in Yerevan people (n = 37 patients). The oldest patient was 71 years old from the Stepanavan region. Common symptoms included high temperature, diarrhea, restraint, weakness, pus residue in stool, unformed stool, headache, and dizziness. Two children from the same family were infected with Salmonella during the study. The patients were treated with different antibiotics for 3-10 days, with rifampicin, cephalosporins (2nd and 3rd generation), and carbapenems being the most commonly administrated drugs. The antibiotic susceptibility index was determined using the EUCAST documents. After the antibiotic therapy, the patients' health was monitored for a month. Additionally, the study found the Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes in newborn, 10-year-old, and 33-year-old patients.
CRISPR-Cas9 as a Potential Cancer Therapy Agent: An Update
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and remains a major economic and social burden. Although our understanding of cancer at the molecular level continues to improve, more effort is needed to develop new therapeutic tools and approaches exploiting these advances. Due to its high efficiency and accuracy, the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique has recently emerged as a cancer treatment strategy. Among its many applications, CRISPR-Cas9 has shown an unprecedented clinical potential to discover novel targets for cancer therapy and to dissect chemical-genetic interactions, providing insight into how tumors respond to drug treatment. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 can be employed to rapidly engineer immune cells and oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapeutic applications. More importantly, the ability of CRISPR-Cas9 to accurately edit genes, not only in cell culture models and model organisms but also in humans, allows its use in therapeutic explorations this review, important considerations for the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in therapeutic properties are discussed, along with major challenges that will need to be addressed before clinical examinations for a complex and polygenic disease such as cancer. This review aimed to explore the potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique as a cancer treatment strategy. Specifically, we will discuss how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to discover novel targets for cancer therapy and to dissect chemical-genetic interactions.
The Power of Probiotics to Combat Urinary Tract Infections: A Comprehensive Review
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections and can cause significant morbidity, particularly in women. Recurrent UTIs are a significant clinical problem, and current prophylactic measures, such as antibiotics, are associated with side effects and the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional treatments for recurrent UTIs. Probiotics can act by modulating the host's immune system, competitively excluding uropathogens, and producing antibacterial substances, such as bacteriocins. Clinical evidence supports the use of probiotics as a safe and effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs. However, selecting appropriate probiotic strains for UTIs can be challenging, and the safety and efficacy of probiotics depend on the strain, dosage, and timing of administration. The safety profile of probiotics is generally excellent, and side effects are usually mild and self-limiting. However, certain populations, such as immunocompromised and critically ill patients, may be at increased risk of adverse events, and caution should be exercised when considering probiotic use in these populations. Strategies for ensuring probiotic safety and efficacy include adherence to good manufacturing practices, rigorous testing for the presence of contaminants, and standardization of dosing and administration protocols. Despite the potential of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs, several challenges and limitations remain. These include limited access to high-quality probiotic products, challenges in selecting appropriate strains, and lack of consensus regarding optimal dosing and duration of probiotic use. Future research should focus on identifying optimal probiotic strains and regimens for the prevention and treatment of UTIs, understanding the role of gut microbiota in urogenital health, and developing new probiotic technologies and delivery methods.
Possibility of Red Blood Cell Changes after COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a lot of changes in society and the economy as well as individual, physical, and mental health. COVID-19 might cause acute respiratory syndrome, coagulopathy, vascular failure, and organ damage1-3. In the study by Huang L et al., 2469 patients who recovered from severe COVID-19 were followed up for two years, the longest follow-up until now. They demonstrated that COVID-19 survivors had remarkably lower health status than the general population after two years and suggested urgent exploration into the pathogenesis of the disease4. Otherwise, there were some important issues with this study. First, it was not an international study that included different geographic regions, ethnicities, races, and countries. Another important point was that 80 percent of patients experienced mild or no symptoms of this disease which were excluded from this study. However, COVID -19 affected their health conditions as well as severe patients. It is clear that exposure to the virus in the recent pandemic is unavoidable and no one can be sure about the previous infection of the studied cases.Furthermore, many people were reluctant to take a PCR test despite mild symptoms and also, the PCR test has a high false-negative rate, which is affected by the sampling method and the time of interval5, 6. It is suggested researchers investigate the COVID-19 effects on the general population. Most COVID-19 patients reported breathlessness and reduced fitness, which might be related to pulmonary damage and altered oxygen uptake into the red blood cells (RBC), leading to hypoxemia. Some studies demonstrated that COVID-19 altered RBC morphology and revealed a higher percentage of elongated RBC(7). The RBC deformability was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients7. Nader et al. showed that RBC aggregation increased in COVID-19 patients and correlated positively with the hospitalization length8. In a recent study, it was found that oxidation and fragmentation of ankyrin, spectrin beta, and the N-terminal cytosolic domain of band 3 (AE1) may cause RBCs disability in COVID- 19 patients, who could respond to environmental changes in hemoglobin oxygen saturation/oxidant stress. Nonetheless, there were no alterations in hematological parameters, such as RBC count, hematocrit, or mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration9. Based on these reports, the count of normal RBC is admissible, but maybe the function of RBCs in oxygen transfer have changes. The above-mentioned studies indicated the temporary effects of COVID-19 on RBCS, but COVID-19 may cause some long-term effects on RBCs10. There is enough evidence indicating that the numbers of RBC and hematocrit (HCT) increase significantly in response to hypoxic environments, similar to changes that occur by living in high-altitude places11. With the large-scale outbreak of the COVID epidemic worldwide, the number of people using protective masks has increased rapidly. Using masks can cause problems, such as hypoxia symptoms, which increase RBC mass and HCT for a long time12,13. According to recent studies, wearing a mask can alter peripheral Spo2 after two hours, and it can cause small but significant changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood oxygen saturation (StO2) while wearing diffrent types of masks (surgical and FFP2)14,15. Based on the above-mentioned studies, the significant changes in RBC functions after the COVID-19 pandemic can be concluded, however the definitive diagnosis is not possible using routine laboratory tests. According to long-term changes in RBC count, the lack of any population-based studies on RBC changes before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and the key role of RBC count in diagnosing disease, especially in anemia, more investigations seem to be necessary. Reference intervals need to be re-examined in the new health conditions after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2022 Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biodegradation of Marine Pollutants by Microorganisms: A Bibliometric Analysis
The oceans, as a large area of the planet, are of great importance to the biological status of organisms. They are contaminated with different compounds that are dangerous to health conditions. Biodegradation is one way to reduce pollution. Therefore the current review aimed to this bibliometric analysis. Data were collected from published articles in Scopus and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science databases between 1985 and April 2021, and then Scopus documents were examined using VOS viewer and Bibliometrix-package due to their larger number. Analysis was performed for the number of publications per year, document types, sources, keywords, authors, organizations, and countries. The results showed a growing trend in publishing documents from 2010 to 2022. The two keywords biodegradation and bioremediation grew more.
Bacterial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii: A Global Concern
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), one of the five most important bacteria with global threat to human health due to constantly increasing resistance (ESKAPE organisms), identified as a enormous threat in healthcare facilities, can create antibiotic resistance. The implementation of early detection and identification of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is serious to control its spread. The this study presents the human infection of A. baumannii, pathological findings, virulence factors of A. baumannii, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and the therapeutic options available for treating A. baumannii infections. The ability of A. baumannii to develop antibiotic resistance mechanisms allows the organism to prosper in hospital settings, facilitating the global spread of multidrug-resistant strains. To dominate this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. As reported, A. baumannii resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems increased, and resistance to lipopeptides, such as polymyxin B and colistin, are lower compared to that of other antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, novel prevention and treatment strategies against A. baumannii infections are warranted.
A Summary of Autophagy Mechanisms in Cancer Cells
Autophagy is a well-known vital process in cells and plays a significant role in biological evolution, the immune system, and cell death. It can be effective in fatal disorders, such as nervous system degeneration, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Autophagy has a dual role; on the one hand, it increases cell survival, and on the other hand, it causes cell death in advanced stages although no agreement has yet been accomplished on the role of autophagy in cellular processes. There is evidence that autophagic signaling regulation is inversely related to oncogenic signaling. Numerous commonly activated oncogenes (class I PtdIns3K, Akt, TOR, Bcl-2) inhibit autophagy, while commonly mutated or epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes (p53, PTEN, TSC1/TSC2) promote autophagy. Autophagy promotes cancer progression by supplying sufficient nutrients that enable cancer cell growth. FIP200, a related- autophagy protein, interacts with ATG 13 and induces autophagy. Increased autophagy causes the interaction of Becklin 118 with HER2, resulting in an increase in tumorigenesis. In order to make complete use of the autophagic properties in cancer treatment, further studies on its role in disease in the different biologics fields are essential. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can regenerate, cause cancer, and enhance resistance to treatment, metastasis, and recurrence. Autophagy moderates stressful conditions and promotes resistance to anticancer therapy. In addition, autophagy regulates the ability of radiation in CSCs and leads to failure in anticancer therapies. Hence, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target for metastasis resistance and anticancer therapy recurrence. Regulation of autophagy using autophagy modulators alone does not improve the therapeutic effects of anticancer reagents. In contrast, it has supplied nutrients for cancer cells. Consequently, clinical trials aiming for autophagy through a combination of autophagy modulations and anticancer reagents are crucial to consider autophagy as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy in anticancer therapy.
Effects of Valeriana officinalis and Ciprofloxacin on Kidney Histopathology in Rats Pyelonephritis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects the urinary tract. The bacterial infection of the upper urinary tract is called nephritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Valeriana officinalis and Ciprofloxacin on kidney histopathology in rats with pyelonephritis by Pseudomonas. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and each group had two replicates. The first group was considered a control and received 0.1 mg/ kg/day of saline daily for a month. The second group received a single injection of 0.5 McFarland of microbial suspension per kilogram of animal into the pelvis of the right kidney of the rats, resulting in pyelonephritis. The third group of rats received 0.9 mg/kg/day methanolic extract of Valeriana officinalis intraperitoneally for a month. The fourth group of rats received Ciprofloxacin intraperitoneally for a month at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg/day. Group five contained rats with pyelonephritis that received the antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) at a dosage of 0.6 mg/kg/day. Group six with pyelonephritis received 0.9 mg/kg/day of Valeriana officinalis extract. The inflammation in the cortex, Pelvic, medulla, and tissue sections was studied at the end of the study. Results: The rats that received Valeriana officinalis extract improved pelvic and medullary tissue, the site of Pseudomonas bacteria, and prevented the destruction of renal cortex tissue. The rats that received Ciprofloxacin had fewer medullary and tissue inflammations. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, the extract not only improved the tissue of the pelvis and medulla, which is where Pseudomonas bacteria live, but it also inhibits the degradation of renal cortex tissue. It was proven to diminish medullary inflammation to some extent, but in rats, it exacerbated the loss of renal cortex tissue.
In Silico Analyzes for the Inhibition of HIV Protease by Ritonavir and Indinavir
Introduction: This research was conducted to investigate the molecular interaction of HIV protease inhibitor drugs using molecular docking. HIV protease is responsible for processing gag and gag-polyproteins during virion maturation. The activity of this enzyme is essential against viral infections and has beneficial therapeutic effects on HIV treatment. Materials and Methods: To meet the aim of the study, indinavir and ritonavir were selected as HIV Protease inhibitor drugs. The necessary information on molecular docking was collected through information servers, such as Drug bank and Program database (PDB). Then, molecular docking was performed using Molegro virtual docker software. In order to check the stability of the resulting complex structure and its cellular penetration, a molecular dynamics simulation was run for 50 nanoseconds using GROMACS2019.6 package and Amber99SB force force field. During the molecular dynamics simulation, root mean square deviations (RMSD), root mean square fluctuations (RMSF), the radius of gyration (RG), hydrogen bonds, and distance between ligands and complex were investigated. Results: The obtained results indicated that the RMSD of the complex of the ligands and HIV protease at the end of 50 nanoseconds had a linear slope. Hydrogen bonds decreased at beginning of simulation but they increase at the end of simulation However RG was decreased at the end of the simulation Also the RMSF was decreased at the end of simulation rather than beginning of simulation, So all the obtained results showing the stability and strength of the structure. Conclusion: Molecular docking method can indicate the relationship between structure-activity and the effectiveness of ligands on HIV protease based on the level of interaction between the ligands and the receptors.
Biosorption of Boron from Industrial Wastewater by Green Algae Spirogyra sp.
Introduction: Increasing the concentration of Boron in drinking water, wastewater, and irrigation have negative effects on the human environment. This pollution can be partially removed by the application of phytoremediation technologies using algae or aquatic plants. The aim of the current study was to determine the biosorption capacity of the algae Spirogyra sp. for Boron from industrial wastewater and examine the best elimination conditions using different parameters. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 g of fresh algal biomass was collected from the industrial wastewater of a copper mine located in Kerman, Iran. At first, algae was selected among various algal species concerning abundance and resistance ability to high concentrations of Boron. Then, removal of Boron by the algal was examined in terms of algae biomass levels (2 and 4 gr), incubation time intervals (2, 12. 24. 48, and 72 hours), and different concentrations of Boron (5, 10, 15, 25, and 100 ppm) on the were examined. The experiment was factorial with a completely randomized design framework and three replications. Results: The results presented that the elimination of Boron from industrial wastewater was performed by biomass of algae Spirogyra sp. The maximum Boron absorption was achieved at concentrations of 5 ppm and an incubation time of 12 hours. The absorption of Boron was higher in 4 gr than in 2 gr of algae biomass treatment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that algae Spirogyra sp. has a strong potential for boron removal in industrial wastewater containing boron ions.
Comparing the Effects of Diesel Oil Pollution on Forest and Industrial Soil Microbial Community
Introduction: Diesel oil is the most used petroleum product in Iran and other countries. The majority of diesel oil is stored in underground reservoirs and Fuel stations. This product can heavily pollute the adjacent soil. Diesel oil pollution has some ecological effects on soil that disturb the composition and diversity of the microbial community. The present research aimed to investigate the effects of diesel oil pollution on two different types of soil. Materials and Methods: To examine the effects of diesel oil on microbial communities, two different types of soil (industrial and forest types) were collected from Kerman province, Iran. Six microcosms were designed based on three microcosms existing in each type of soil, including unpolluted microcosm, polluted microcosm, and polluted microcosm with nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphor). Some factors were assayed in each microcosm during 120 days of the experiment. These factors included total heterotrophic bacteria, total diesel oil-degrading bacteria, dehydrogenase enzyme, and diesel oil biodegradation. Results: The quantity of diesel oil-degrading bacteria was significantly lower than heterotrophic bacteria in all soil microcosms. The quantity of diesel oil-degrading bacteria had a decrement pattern until day 60 of the experiment, but after that, these bacteria had an increment pattern. The best dehydrogenase activity between different microcosms was related to polluting microcosms with diesel oil except for farmland soil. The highest biodegradation of diesel oil in all studied soil types belonged to the industrial microcosm (95%). Statistical analysis of the results indicated a significant correlation between the most probable number quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and other assayed factors. Forest soil was significantly different from other soil types. Conclusion: Given the obtained results of the current research, that forest soil is more sensitive to diesel oil pollution, compared to industrial soil. It is, therefore, possible to propose appropriate strategies for the bioremediation of different studied soil types.
Screening of Biosurfactant-producing Bacteria from Symbiotic Microbes with Gastropods in the Persian Gulf
Introduction: Biosurfactants or surface-active compounds with amphiphilic molecular structures, including a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic domain, are produced by microorganisms. These compounds increase the biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the environment due to their ability to emulsify hydrocarbon-water mixtures. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize biosurfactant-producing bacteria from the samples of Gastropods. Materials and Methods: The gastropod samples were collected from oil-contaminated sites in the Persian Gulf, Middle East. Biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated from these samples. The biosurfactant production ability was analyzed using Drop Collapse TEST, oil spreading test, emulsification activity test, and BATH test. Results: In total, 11 biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated. Two isolates with higher growth rates and biosurfactant production ability were selected for further studies. The best isolates were identified as Halomonas sp. isolate BHA16 and Vibrio alginolyticus isolate BHA 17 based on molecular analysis. Gas chromatography analysis of remaining crude oil confirmed that these strains could degrade to 51.44 % and 67.58% of crude oil, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the surfactant activity of the bacterial strains isolated from Gastro pods had a good potential for the biodegradation of crude oil and could be used for the cleanup of oil-contaminated marine environments.