eng Rovedar Research in Biotechnology and Environmental Science 2980-7743 2023-03-01 2 1 1 11 12 Ali Qasemi 0 Milad Lagzian 0 Fateh Rahimi 1 Foad Khosravani Majd 2 Zeynab Bayat 3 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6865-3003 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Zahedan, Iran 3 Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections and can cause significant morbidity, particularly in women. Recurrent UTIs are a significant clinical problem, and current prophylactic measures, such as antibiotics, are associated with side effects and the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host, have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional treatments for recurrent UTIs. Probiotics can act by modulating the host's immune system, competitively excluding uropathogens, and producing antibacterial substances, such as bacteriocins. Clinical evidence supports the use of probiotics as a safe and effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs. However, selecting appropriate probiotic strains for UTIs can be challenging, and the safety and efficacy of probiotics depend on the strain, dosage, and timing of administration. The safety profile of probiotics is generally excellent, and side effects are usually mild and self-limiting. However, certain populations, such as immunocompromised and critically ill patients, may be at increased risk of adverse events, and caution should be exercised when considering probiotic use in these populations. Strategies for ensuring probiotic safety and efficacy include adherence to good manufacturing practices, rigorous testing for the presence of contaminants, and standardization of dosing and administration protocols. Despite the potential of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of recurrent UTIs, several challenges and limitations remain. These include limited access to high-quality probiotic products, challenges in selecting appropriate strains, and lack of consensus regarding optimal dosing and duration of probiotic use. Future research should focus on identifying optimal probiotic strains and regimens for the prevention and treatment of UTIs, understanding the role of gut microbiota in urogenital health, and developing new probiotic technologies and delivery methods. https://rbes.rovedar.com/index.php/RBES/article/view/10 Efficacy Prevention Probiotics Treatment Urinary tract infections